Diabetes knowledge questionnaire 73 to 0. How many pregnancies have you had? _______ Abortions/miscarriages: _______ How many living children do you have? _______ Complications of pregnancy?________________ Were you ever told you had diabetes in pregnancy? ̈ Yes ̈ No Did you have any children that weighted over 9 pounds at birth? ̈ Yes ̈ No What method of birth control do you use? ̈ No method is used ̈ Postmenopausal ̈ Birth Revision and Psychometric Evaluation of the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire for People With Type 2 Diabetes Julie A. This document contains a 31 question survey on awareness of diabetes mellitus administered by Dr. This questionnaire can be used for individuals with T1DM who use syringes, pen or pump (with the limitation that advanced specific knowledge required for pump users has not been tested) and for both newly educated patients as well as for individuals who have a long duration of diabetes. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. Mar 1, 2015 · Assessment of the diabetes knowledge using diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ) among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects and its correlation with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Methods: An expert panel was formed to In contrast, the nutrition sub-sections of a questionnaire designed to assess type 1 diabetes nutrition knowledge were: healthful eating, carbohydrate counting, blood glucose response to foods and nutrition label reading ( 33 ). In 2013, the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire [DSMQ (21)] was introduced to provide a multidimensional measure of diabetes self-management behaviors relevant for the control of glycemia in both major types of diabetes and to overcome limitations of contemporary questionnaires [e. The first scale was the 24-item Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) (22). A 16 item questionnaire to assess self-care activities associated with glycaemic control was developed, based on theoretical considerations and a process of empirical improvements. The study validates the 24-item Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) for Indonesian type 2 diabetes patients. This MDEP was targeted to patients with low literacy. Variables The main variable of interest was diabetes knowledge as measured by three scales. Respondents are asked multiple choice and open-ended questions about their knowledge of diabetes Aug 1, 2022 · Purpose: Diabetes knowledge is important for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) to improve their health. Introduction: diabetes mellitus is one of the specific causes of death by chronic non-communicable diseases; its most frequent form is Type 2, which represents 3% of the overall global mortality by itself. A Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire was developed by Kandula et al. The instrument was designed to be integrated into the clinic workflow to obtain objective data electronically. Survey Form : Diabetic Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-24) English Are you from a Corporate Program? * The Filipino-translated version of GDMKQ is a valid screening tool that assesses a patient's knowledge on gestational diabetes. Abbreviation: DKQ, Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire. Assessing the general population’s behaviour via knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) will be invaluable in these diseases, where prevention and control need a lifelong commitment to a healthy lifestyle. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Oct 6, 2022 · The diabetes knowledge questionnaire of 29 items, included questions on general diabetes knowledge, causes of diabetes, and likely compli-cations of untreated diabetes. Population strategies for preventing diabetes are now being developed. Other Measures of Foot Self Care:Wikis > Research > Outcome Measures > Measuring Foot Self-Care > The Foot Care Knowledge and Practice Questionnaire Feb 28, 2025 · What's new? Our study developed and validated a novel diabetes and nutrition knowledge questionnaire tailored to diabetes type and treatment strategy. How long have you had diabetes? -5y 10-15 years 5-10 years 15-20 years Q4. Cronbach’s α for the DKQ-24 shows good internal consistency at 0. What type of diabetes do you have? Under 5 years Type 1 Ten years Type 2 Q5. Learn more about its structure, reliability, and application. Questionnaire instruments are an important tool in the evaluation of DM patients, allowing systematic and measurable data collection regarding various aspects of the disease, including quality of life, self-management, and perceptions of care Feb 28, 2025 · Abstract Aims: Effective diabetes management requires adherence to medication regimens and nutritional guidelines, underscoring the importance of health literacy. Exploratory factor analysis identified six dimensions: general knowledge, hypoglycemia, complications, nutrition, physical activity, and Please check any of the problems you are having this pregnancy: Oct 11, 2024 · Objectives: This uncontrolled open study aimed to measure the levels of self-care of patients before and after education, their initial knowledge, and their knowledge two months after interacting with healthcare providers using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire. The study developed a validated Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) to assess knowledge in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. May 23, 2011 · Consequently, we aimed to develop a minimum diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ) suitable for people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Mar 1, 2024 · The Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) [39] may be the instrument with best evidence for use to assess diabetes knowledge, as it presented satisfactory content validity, structural validity and internal consistency. 3 The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel. . The diabetes knowledge test has two components: a 14-item general test and a 9-item insulin-use subscale. Results: Among the respondents, 10. The KAT-1 can be used to assess type 1 diabetes knowledge in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes and their parent… Aug 10, 2022 · This study evaluated the knowledge of diabetes mellitus and predictors of the level of diabetes knowledge among the general public of Singapore. Feb 9, 2021 · Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test, Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire, and Personal Diabetes Questionnaire are the recommended instruments to assess dietary knowledge in people with diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the diabetes-related knowledge and socio-demographic determinants of Feb 12, 2025 · Method: A cross-sectional survey used the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) to assess knowledge and self-management behaviours of physical activity, glucose management, dietary control, and health care use amongst patients attending a diabetic clinic at a tertiary hospital in Johannesburg. Beyond confirming construct validity through psychometric properties, it also showed predictive validity by demonstrating that nutrition-focused knowledge correlates with improved glycemic control in participants with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes knowledge has been shown to improve self-management skills and glycemic control. DKQ was developed in English language and has been translated and validated in many languages, but it has not been translated and validated in Pakistan. Aim: Diabetes-related nutrition knowledge (DRNK) is essential for the self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Participants in this cross-sectional study underwent a comprehensive Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic disease that is assuming worrying proportions considering the epidemiological data and the clearly negative impact which causes in our societies. Archived in 2009, this site is The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II is a 33-item questionnaire with a Behavior Subscale and a Worry Subscale. In 2018, an estimated 131 million people in the Western Pacific were living with diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. 757. Participants with dia-betes provided additional information on specific characteristics hypothesized to be associated Consequently, we aimed to develop a minimum diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ) suitable for people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. with support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation® in Princeton, NJ, USA. Download Table | Correct Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire item responses by total and respondent age group* from publication: Diabetes knowledge among older adults with diabetes in Beijing, China Jan 31, 2019 · Development of a diabetes-related nutrition knowledge questionnaire for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Singapore: Diabetes-related nutrition knowledge questionnaire January 2019 Jun 2, 2023 · Objective: Low awareness of hypertension and diabetes is a public health concern in Ghana. This product was adapted from the DKQ "Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire,"- Garcia and Associates for the diabetes self management project at Gateway Community Health Centers, Inc. The DKQ has a reliability coefficient of 0. Abstract Objective: To present the cross-cultural adaptation of the Diabetes Knowledge Scale and Attitudes Questionnaires targeted to evaluate Brazilian Diabetes Mellitus patients. May 1, 2011 · Consequently, we aimed to develop a minimum diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ) suitable for people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Participants: The 25-item questionnaire was validated in independent samples of 277 and 304 students in the seventh and eighth grades. 3% of respondents declared a good level of knowledge of diabetes. The second part of the questionnaire collected information about diabetes knowledge and awareness through nine closed-ended questions, including questions about risk factors for diabetes. Zu~niga,1 Ya-Ching Huang,2So Hyeon Bang,1Heather Cuevas,1Tara Hutson,1 Oct 19, 2023 · Aim To develop and validate a patient diabetes knowledge questionnaire (PDKQ) to assess knowledge of diabetes mellitus patients. Jul 12, 2023 · The French version of the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire demonstrated good validity and reliability. The survey collects information such as demographics, diabetes status, diagnosis history, treatment regimen, lifestyle habits, awareness of risk factors and complications of diabetes. Jun 3, 2022 · Request PDF | Validation of the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) With an Indonesian Population | Patient education is a key element in the treatment of diabetes. Oct 19, 2024 · The purpose of the study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the 24-item Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) for Indonesian patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and evaluate its psychometric properties. Content validity was established through Delphi surveys and May 26, 2023 · The Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-24), developed 30 years ago for Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes and since used with diverse samples in many countries, contains outdated items that Oct 2, 2024 · Discover the Urdu Version of the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-U), a reliable and validated tool to assess diabetes knowledge in Urdu-speaking populations. Dec 5, 2022 · Due to the important role played by knowledge in controlling and managing diabetes in most educational interventions, the assessment of the individuals’ lev Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Questionnaire (GDMKQ) is a 15-item multiple-choice questionnaire that explores on the basic knowledge of GDM, risk factors, food and diet values, treatment options and management and complications or outcomes. The theme of this year’s WHO World Diabetes Day, "Diabetes across life stages,” recognizes that every person living with diabetes should have access to integrated care, supportive environments and policies that promote health, dignity and self-management. Mar 27, 2022 · Background: A well-informed patient with Type 2 diabetes may be more compliant with treatment. This campaign emphasizes the importance of a life-course approach to diabetes prevention, management and overall well-being. Regression analysis models were used to determine the relationship between the independent . The Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) effectively assesses T2DM knowledge across six factors, accounting for 78% variance. 22 The DKQ may be a more appropriate and effective questionnaire for use in Vietnam because its content about diabetes knowledge is adequate and suitable for all patients, including those with low education levels in developing countries. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0. Diabetes is one of the major non-communicable diseases. Variables Measured: The questionnaire includes the following variables: diabetes knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intent to change dietary and physical activity behaviors. Mar 11, 2024 · Aim To develop and validate a patient diabetes knowledge questionnaire (PDKQ) to assess knowledge of diabetes mellitus patients. The revision and psychometric evaluation of the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) for people with Type 2 diabetes represent a critical step in enhancing our understanding of diabetes education and management. The questionnaire has been translated and adjusted into many different languages. Our study aimed to develop and validate diabetes and nutrition knowledge questionnaires and correlate diabetes-specific health literacy with glucose metrics in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This Apr 5, 2022 · DKQ-18 could evaluate participants’ diabetes knowledge & improve their diabetes knowledge & self-care through a diabetes team. The test has 2 components: a 14-item general test and a 9-item insulin use subscale. The document is a 23 question true/false quiz about diabetes knowledge covering topics like the diabetes diet, carbohydrate and fat content of foods, monitoring blood glucose levels, exercise effects, foot care, hypoglycemia and more. So, is necessary to take steps towards improving the quality of services, is essential to know the reality, identifying the points where it is necessary to redefine strategies. Only 17. 19 The DTSQ is a Jul 31, 2023 · ChatGPT's Response to the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire: Implications for Diabetes Education Authors: Afif Nakhleh anakhleh@gmail. The South Auckland Diabetes Project has developed a questionnaire to assess the impact of a diabetes … Dec 3, 2013 · In patients with Type 2 diabetes, to determine the factors associated with diabetes knowledge, derived from Rasch analysis, and compare results with a traditional raw scoring method. Identifying the level of their understanding will enable clinicians to develop an individualized, effective learning program to improve pregnancy outcomes. The original test was updated to reflect current diabetes care and education guidelines. Multiple linear regressions were performed to determine the sociodemographic Abstract Objective: This study reports the psychometric properties of the 24-item version of the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ). May 26, 2004 · Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Download scientific diagram | Questionnaire on knowledge, beliefs and practices from publication: Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy at the University Hospital The primary prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is now considered possible through adopting lifestyle changes. This Jun 27, 2017 · This product was adapted from the DKQ “Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire”—Garcia and Associates for the diabetes self-management project at Gateway Community Health Center, Inc. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were used to evaluate the fit of different factor models for the diabetes knowledge questionnaire. Aug 13, 2013 · In order to assess self-care activities which can predict glycaemic control, the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) was designed. Jul 12, 2023 · Conclusion: The French version of the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire demonstrated good validity and reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were used to evaluate the fit of different factor models for the diabetes knowledge questionna … Jun 27, 2017 · To assess the patients’ diabetes knowledge, Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) has been developed by the Starr County Diabetes Education Study (10). Una dieta saludable, la actividad física regular, el mantenimiento de un peso corporal normal y la evitación del consumo de tabaco pueden prevenir la diabetes de tipo 2 o retrasar su aparición. Nov 14, 2024 · 概述 糖尿病是一种慢性病。当胰腺产生不了足够胰岛素或者人体无法有效地利用所产生的胰岛素时，就会出现糖尿病。胰岛素是一种调节血糖的荷尔蒙。高血糖或血糖升高是糖尿病失控的常见后果，随着时间的推移会对人体的许多系统（特别是神经和血管）带来严重损害。 2022年，18岁及以上成年 Nov 5, 2022 · Background Evaluation of diabetes knowledge plays a pivotal role in identifying and addressing patients’ knowledge gaps. How frequently should a person with diabetes undergo an eye checkup? Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of the revised Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT2). This article presents a revised and updated version, DSMQ-R, and evaluates A diabetes questionnaire PDF is a document designed to collect essential information about an individual's health related to diabetes. Internal consistency of the DKQ was good, with Cronbach's α ranging from 0. The questions were used to measure pre- and post-test knowledge, and scores could range from 0 to 17. com, Sivan Spitzer, and Naim Shehadeh Authors Info & Affiliations Jan 24, 2025 · An online cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire and involving 3117 nurses from 9 tertiary general hospitals from Guizhou Province, China were conducted. Nov 14, 2024 · 概述 糖尿病是一种慢性病。当胰腺产生不了足够胰岛素或者人体无法有效地利用所产生的胰岛素时，就会出现糖尿病。胰岛素是一种调节血糖的荷尔蒙。高血糖或血糖升高是糖尿病失控的常见后果，随着时间的推移会对人体的许多系统（特别是神经和血管）带来严重损害。 2022年，18岁及以上成年 Nov 14, 2024 · Diabetes factsheet from WHO providing key facts and information on types of diabetes, symptoms, common consequences, economic impact, diagnosis and treatment, WHO response. Knowledge, Attitudes & Beliefs Assessment Health Belief Questionnaire English/Spanish Patient Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire Spanish Multiple Self Management Behaviors Behavioral Health Assessment Tool Spanish Patient Assessment Form Spanish Patient Information Sheet English/Spanish Patient Education Materials Goal Setting To develop and validate a questionnaire to assess diabetes knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intent to change among middle school students. Jul 17, 2024 · The inclusion of diabetes management in universal health coverage packages is crucial to effectively control diabetes and reduce harm. Jun 18, 2024 · Abstract The Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-24) as an instrument for measuring the knowledge on diabetes: A narrative review. May 1, 1998 · To examine the reliability and validity of a brief diabetes knowledge test. A specific tool measuring DRNK can help us to understand awareness levels and tailor structured nutrition education programs. Feb 28, 2025 · What's new? Our study developed and validated a novel diabetes and nutrition knowledge questionnaire tailored to diabetes type and treatment strategy. in 2009. May 25, 2024 · The questionnaire reviewed knowledge of suitable diet, implications of GDM diagnosis and management of GDM. Support for self-management of chronic conditions such as diabetes, including through therapeutic patient education, is effective in reducing health-care costs and improving health outcomes. Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center’s Revised Diabetes Knowledge Test The diabetes diet is: the way most American people eat Resources Individual Assessment Summary Patient Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire English (PDF) This one-page questionnaire assesses patient diabetes knowledge. Source: Starr County This product was adapted from the DKQ "Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire," - Garcia and Associates for the diabetes self management project at Gateway Community Health Center, Inc. The DKQ contains 15 items and seven demographic questions, designed for clinical education settings. Dec 21, 2022 · The questionnaire included ten questions related to the awareness of risk factors, symptoms, and complications of diabetes. Hence, our goal was to assess the behaviour of Akatsi South residents towards the diseases to Figure 1. Assessment of diabetes The complications associated with the chronic pathophysiological process of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a significant impact on the affected population. ResultsA total of 716 women completed both questionnaires; mean age of the participants 2 Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. 5% had diabetes and 43. g. Flowchart of translation and validation process. This questionnaire consists of three parts: a general information survey, self-assessment of diabetes knowledge, and objective assessment of diabetes knowledge. Content validity was established through literature review, Delphi survey of 52 opinion leaders and a workshop of Australian Diabetes Educators (n ≥300). This study aimed to investigate the diabetes self-management knowledge, KAMIAR KOUZEKANANI, PHD CRAIG L. 85) affirm the DKQ's reliability for evaluating diabetes knowledge. Jan 13, 2022 · Aims: Measurement tools to evaluate self-management behavior are useful for diabetes research and clinical practice. DISCUSSION Formal be of carried simple DKQ assessment with diabetes and draft questionnaire was pilot-tested onimproved areas where out by either of diabetes patient’s administering with written Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with increasing prevalence worldwide, posing major challenges in patient management and monitoring. The questionnaire was tested in a pilot study, involving randomly selected 10 participants, to evaluate its design and content. 79 across different groups. The questions test understanding of diabetes management and treatment. The implementation of a standardized diabetes knowledge assessment tool is important to ensure consistent scoring and facilitating the development of efective and standardized education programs. Therefore, it is important to validate an instrument for assessing diabetes knowledge. People diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (n=218) were selected from three health care centers, located in Q3. The Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-24) determines the level of knowledge about This product was adapted from the DKQ "Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire,"- Garcia and Associates for the diabetes self management project at Gateway Community Health Centers, Inc. (22)]. Figure 1 Flow diagram of development and validation process of the diabetes-related nutrition knowledge questionnaire for use in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The knowledge Abstract Objective: This study sought to examine the reliability and validity of a novel pediatric type 1 diabetes knowledge assessment (KAT-1) designed for children, adolescents, young adults and their parents/guardians. 90) and ICC (0. The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) was introduced in 2013 and has become a widely used tool. It can be used by healthcare providers to assess risk factors and manage patient care more effectively. This The KAT-1 diabetes knowledge instrument is available below. 1 It was developed to assess specific behaviors people with diabetes engage in to avoid hypoglycemia and its negative consequences and the concerns people with diabetes may have related to their risk of having hypoglycemia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study at King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif City, Saudi Arabia, Division of Endocrinology. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood Nov 13, 2024 · The number of adults living with diabetes worldwide has surpassed 800 million, more than quadrupling since 1990, according to new data released in The Lancet on World Diabetes Day. The primary goal of this study was to assess diabetes knowledge and its impact on diabetes control and complications. The practical messages start with just how difficult it is to do even by a group of experienced, knowledge-able, and committed professionals. This 17-item measure was designed to reflect the content and learning goals of the two modules of a multimedia diabetes education program (MDEP). Purpose: Diabetes knowledge is important for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) to improve their health. with support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation® in Princeton, NJ. Methods: The 24-item Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) was administered to a convenience sample of 291 primarily Latino adults in the emergency department who either had diabetes or who identified them-selves as a caregiver for an immediate family member with diabetes. Kanak Choudhury. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study at King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif City, Saudi Arabia, Division of Endocrinol-ogy. Diabetes is one of the four major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and its global prevalence has been steadily increasing in recent years. Secondly, questions will remain about how specific this questionnaire is in measuring the knowledge of the individual or group being assessed at that particular time. Nov 14, 2024 · Diabetes factsheet from WHO providing key facts and information on types of diabetes, symptoms, common consequences, economic impact, diagnosis and treatment, WHO response. Aug 10, 2022 · This study evaluated the knowledge of diabetes mellitus and predictors of the level of diabetes knowledge among the general public of Singapore. In 2019, an estimated 262 000 people in the Region died due to diabetes. Our study aimed to develop a questionnaire to assess DRNK for individuals with T2DM in Singapore. HANIS, PHD OBJECTIVE — This study reports the psychometric properties of the 24-item version of the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ). Nov 14, 2024 · Principaux repères sur le diabète: faits et chiffres, définitions des différents diadètes, leurs conséquences, charge de morbidité et l'action de l'OMS en la matère. Research design and methods: The original 60-item DKQ was administered to 502 adult Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes who are part of the Starr County Diabetes Education Study. The present study aimed to validate the 24-item Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ). It can be used in practice and research, after deleting item 9. Being the knowledge that users with The study involved development of a validated questionnaire to assess diabetes related nutrition knowledge (DRNK) and its relationship with psychosocial self-efficacy in individuals with T2DM. Just what about diabetes knowledge is being tested by the 12 common questions This study explored the relationship of disease knowledge with glycemic control and self-care practices in adult Pakistani people diabetes (PWD). Convergent and discriminant validity were measured by comparing diabetes knowledge with treatment satisfaction as measured by the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) 18 and quality of life as measured by the EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire. Diabetes self-management has been identified as a key strategy to reduce complications and to improve health outcomes. Author site: Gateway Community Health Center I 2003 Related Links For more assessment tools: Go back The Diabetes Initiative was a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation from 2002 to 2009. 78 and showed sensitivity to a diabetes knowledge intervention. 8% declared that they have a history of diabetes in their family. Methods: The data for this study were collected over 14 months from 396 patients with diabetes. hiphrw sjp mfvnv qtccf kqioec ohaebui tuhp yuo wlnuj zjesrc fllzb qfjai fboahj wqareh ajvbfg